select id from `katalog_products` where `katalog_products`.`id` not in (SELECT id_data FROM `katalog_products_category_relations`)

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` (id INT NOT NULL);
insert into temp (id) values (47),(48),(49) ...; // Список id шников
select id from `temp` where `temp`.`id` not in (SELECT id_data FROM `katalog_products_category_relations`)

SELECT a.id
FROM `katalog_products` a
LEFT JOIN `katalog_products_category_relations` b ON a.id = b.id_data
WHERE b.id_data IS NULL