... + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(__LINE__) + ...

#define xstr(s) str(s)
#define str(s) #s
     
#define THROW_PLACE std::string() + __FILE__ + ": " + xstr(__LINE__) + ": " + __DATE__ + " " + __TIME__ + ", " + __FUNCTION__ + ": "

    try {
        THROW_PLACE(std::runtime_error, message);  // раскрывается в {log(message + place); throw std::runtime_error(message + place);}
    } catch(std::runtime_error&) {
        ...
    }

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>

#define xstr(s) str(s)
#define str(s) #s
#define THROW_PLACE std::string() + __FILE__ + ": " + xstr(__LINE__) + ": " + __DATE__ + " " + __TIME__ + ", " + __FUNCTION__ + ": "


struct log_exception : exception {
    log_exception(std::string const& msg) : exception(msg) {
        log(msg);
    }
}

struct nolog_exception : exception {
    nolog_exception(std::string const& msg) : exception(msg) {
        show_message(msg);
    }
}

struct critical_exception : log_exception {
    critical_exception(std::string const& msg) : log_exception(msg) { }
}

struct lost_packet_exception : nolog_exception {
    lost_packet_exception(std::string const& msg) : nolog_exception(msg) { }
}


void func() {
    try {
        // ...
        std::throw(critical_exception(THROW_PLACE + "crush data file"));    // is logged
        // ...
    } catch (critical_exception const& ) {
        
    }
    
    
    try {
        // ...
        std::throw(lost_packet_exception(THROW_PLACE + "connection failed"));   // not is logged
        // ...
    } catch (lost_packet_exception const& ) {
        
    }    
    
}