pg_ctl stop -m fast

postgres@debian:~$ psql
postgres=# show data_directory;
       data_directory        
-----------------------------
 /var/lib/postgresql/11/main
(1 строка)

postgres=# \q
postgres@debian:~$ /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/pg_ctl status -D '/var/lib/postgresql/11/main'
pg_ctl: сервер работает (PID: 4066)
/usr/lib/postgresql/11/bin/postgres "-D" "/var/lib/postgresql/11/main" "-c" "config_file=/etc/postgresql/11/main/postgresql.conf"
postgres@debian:~$