declare @DrillingDetail table (holeid varchar(10), drillingdate date, totaldrilldepth int);
insert into @DrillingDetail values('Uz-1', '20171025', 15);
insert into @DrillingDetail values('Uz-1', '20171026', 3);

declare @GeoInterval table (holeid varchar(10), geolFrom int, geolTo int, priority varchar(10));
insert into @Geointerval values('Uz-1', 0, 15, 'Al');
insert into @Geointerval values('Uz-1', 15, 18, 'Al');

-- это для просветления
select *, Total = SUM(TotalDrillDepth) OVER (partition by holeid ORDER BY DrillingDate ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING ) from @DrillingDetail;

-- ну а это - фсе
with t as (select *, Total = SUM(TotalDrillDepth) OVER (partition by holeid ORDER BY DrillingDate ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING ) from @DrillingDetail)
  select *
    from @Geointerval as g inner join t on g.holeid = t.holeid and  g.geolFrom < t.total and t.total <= g.geolTo
    order by drillingdate;