-- Тестовые данныe 
WITH a (id, runid, [datetime], [Version], Test, result ) AS ( 
    SELECT 1 , 840 , '04/23/2019', '7.4.1841.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 2 , 839 , '04/22/2019', '7.4.1841.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'FAIL'    UNION ALL
    SELECT 5 , 838 , '04/21/2019', '7.4.1840.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 3 , 837 , '04/19/2019', '7.4.1839.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'FAIL'	   UNION ALL
    SELECT 4 , 836 , '04/18/2019', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 6 , 835 , '04/17/2019', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'FAIL'    UNION ALL
    SELECT 7 , 830 , '04/12/2019', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 8 , 829 , '04/11/2019', '7.4.1835.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test1', 'FAIL'     UNION ALL
    SELECT 9 , 8401 , '12/23/2020', '7.4.1841.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2' , 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 10 , 8391 , '12/22/2020', '7.4.1841.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'FAIL'    UNION ALL
    SELECT 11 , 8381 , '12/21/2020', '7.4.1840.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 12 , 8371 , '12/19/2020', '7.4.1839.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'FAIL'	   UNION ALL
    SELECT 13 , 8361 , '12/18/2020', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 14 , 8351 , '12/17/2020', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'FAIL'    UNION ALL
    SELECT 15 , 8301 , '04/12/2019', '7.4.1836.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'SUCCESS' UNION ALL
    SELECT 16 , 8291 , '04/11/2019', '7.4.1835.0', 'Semi\SingleULD\Test2', 'FAIL'    
), 
-- Решение
b AS (
SELECT 
       a.id
     , a.runid
     , a.[datetime]
     , a.[Version]
     , a.Test
	, a.result
     , LAG(a.result, 1, a.result) OVER(PARTITION BY a.[Test] ORDER BY a.runid) AS [Предыдущий result]
     , ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY a.[Test] ORDER BY a.runid DESC) AS rn
FROM 
     a) 
SELECT 
       b.id
     , b.runid
     , b.[datetime]
     , b.[Version]
     , b.Test
	, b.result
     , b.[Предыдущий result]
FROM b 
    WHERE b.rn = 1