sql_string = f'''select * from table1 where kod_object = {object} and status =1'''

def sql_change(sql, obj):
   global object
   obj = object
   # вот как в sql теперь обновить переменную {object}
  ...

# Объявление переменных 
var_pskov   = '1158'
var_kval     = '0000'

sql_chess_kval_russia_1 = f'''select
   '1.105' as 'kval',
	oblast.name as 'oblast',
	get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_tp},{mperiod},'494',2,2,01) as 'zar_tp',
	get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_appg},{mperiod},'494',2,2,01) as 'zar_appg',
    get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_tp},{mperiod},'494',2,2,05) as 'ras_tp',
    get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_tp},{mperiod},'494',2,2,12) + 
	get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_tp},{mperiod},'494',2,2,13) +  
	get_mvalue(oblast.code,{myear_tp},{mperiod},'494',2,2,14) as 'neras_tp'
    from oblast where oblast.code = {var_kval} order by oblast.name;
'''

# теперь просто сделаю вот так 
var_kval = var_pskov

# и выведу значение var_kval и sql_chess_kval_russia_1
print(var_kval)
print(sql_chess_kval_russia_1)

ef text_func(var_oblast):
    sql = f'''select * from text_table where test_id = {var_oblast}'''
    return sql

print(text_func('1100'))