<script>

function test() {
	var result;
	var test=1;

    $.ajax({
        type: "POST",
        url: "function.php",
        data: {
            "test" : test
         },
        async: true,
        success: function(response) {
           	result = response;
        },
        error: function(response) {
            alert("Ошибка");
        }
    });
    return result;
}
</script>


<table id="table1">
<thead>
	<th align="center" width="30>#</th>
	<th align="center" width="100">число1</th>
	<th align="center" width="100">число2</th>
 </thead>
<?php
$i = 1 
while ($i<5){?>
<tr>
        <td align="center" width="100"><?php=$i;?></td>
	<td align="center" width="100"><input id="input1_<?php=$i;?>" type="text"></td>
	<td align="center" width="100"><input id="input2_<?php=$i;?>" type="text"></td>
 </tr>
<?php $i++;
}?> 
</table>
<input type="button" onclick="test()">

$.ajax({
        type: "POST",
        url: "function.php",
        data: data, здесь передать еще что-нибудь???
        async: true,
        success: function(response) {
           	result = response;
        },

function test() {
        
        var perem = 1;
	var inputs = $('#table1 input');
	var data = { count: inputs.length/2 };
	inputs.each( function() { data[this.id] = this.value; } );

    $.ajax({
        type: "POST",
        url: "function.php",
        data: { 
            data,
            "perem" : perem
        },
        async: true,
        success: function(response) {
           	result = response;
        },
        error: function(response) {
            alert("Ошибка");
        }
    });
}